Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off

Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits brought about by the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws which defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families. Prior to the advent of mass culture, â€Å"high culture† was defined by the elite class made up of landed and hereditary wealth which defined the proper forms of cultural expression and used control of the access to this culture to define in-group identification and signal cultural cues which were to be picked up and mimicked by the lower classe s. The monopoly on cultural expression changed with the advent of the mass production of goods which were made affordable by the sheer scale of their manufacture and the necessity to create awareness of this production surplus by means of communication on a scale heretofore unseen in human history. The rise of mass culture was also made possible by the urbanization of societies as nations transitioned fromShow MoreRelatedMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2072 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuitsRead MoreMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2041 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the philosophy that is collective made by disclosure of similar news sources, literature, music, art and commercial advertisements. The rise of mass culture is a comparatively new existence. The culture occurrence is related to the rise of a leisure class triggered by technological innovations. Similarly, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer hadRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pages Mass culture by definition refers to the set of ideals and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art (chegg). It conveys the idea that culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. However, post WW1 American society had advancements in technology that aided certain ideals and values in spreading across the nation. And the term media culture gives reference to the current western capitalistRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War I1327 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I began in 1914. WWI left a monumental spot on the European society, culture and diplomacy; this was a huge start to what defined Europe as a country compared to the rest of the world. Along with Europe there was also other countries who were taking affect during the time leading up to World War I. Whether it be the Americas or Africa. Everyone was searching in need in different aspects of life, culture, society, and diplomacy. When analyzing this topic, the first thing that poppedRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 PagesEssay While there have been ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one socialRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 PagesEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in this life are the admiration and esteem of others, and the punishments in this life are contempt and neglect. In fact, the desire for the esteem of others is as real a want of nature as hunger, while the contempt and neglect of the world are as severe as a pain. The story of how Apple invented the wireless business has been told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve JobsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreTechnology, War, And World Culture1250 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology, War, and World Culture In 1939 the world seen events that would set the stage for the next great war. In September 3, 1939 Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany. Canada quickly follows suit, while United States to remain neutral. Between the nations, blows are quickly traded out; nations pushing technologies to the edge and pushing each others militaries to its full potential. Germany proved that is was a force to be dealt with. New weapons used in war resultedRead MoreThe Age of Exploration Brought Many Changes to the World Essay example1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Before the Age of Exploration, a period lasting for centuries with long-extending effects, Europeans had not truly begun to explore Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Even with the fearless adventures of the Vikings, Polynesians, and Ming Chinese, no extreme, lasting difference was created. Once people began exploring outside of their own worlds, great social, political, and economic change was ushered in with the exchange and alteration of people, plants, animals, technology, diseasesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestors realized the massive opportunity at hand to deliver applications of this engine to the masses. In 1908, Henry Ford changed the game when he introduced his Model T to the world, the first mass produced vehicle designed for the average family’s use in everyday errands. Owning a car in the United States quickly, with the help of some corporate greed, became a necessity in and of itself in order to maintain a job and integrate oneself in society, this phenomenon did not immediately carry over into Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits brought about by the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws which defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families (Jacobs 13). Prior to the advent of mass†¦show more content†¦This consolidation of people into large pockets of receptive consumers allowed for the dissemination of information and entertainment that was previously not possible due to the restrictions in technology and the challenges of geography which served to isolate regions from each othe r and limited cultural interaction as a mass experience (Edlestein 100-101). The rise of mass culture, and the creation of a consumer class that would in turn define culture was the product of advances in technology (Information, transportation and manufacturing), the surplus in goods and services created by the explosion in manufacturing capacity, and the time that the predictable scheduling in production allowed the worker to explore leisure, culture and self-expression. Technological advances in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries such as the mass electrification of entire regions in the United States, the creation of hydro-power stations to power this revolution, street cars which allowed the average person access to centers of cultural production, and communication devices such as radio and the phonograph allowed the mass dissemination of art, entertainment and news in a way that was previously the domain solely of the upper classes. Taken together, the technological revolutions in manufacturing, transportation and communication was instrumental in creating a â€Å"new man† as described in socialist literature. This form of â€Å"socialism† Mass Culture Of The United States Technology And Time Off Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the philosophy that is collective made by disclosure of similar news sources, literature, music, art and commercial advertisements. The rise of mass culture is a comparatively new existence. The culture occurrence is related to the rise of a leisure class triggered by technological innovations. Similarly, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuits also attributed to the rise of mass culture. Also, the trend resulted from the delineated work schedule favored by mass production and labor laws that defined the limits of the production schedule, and created a new space for workers and their families . Prior to the advent of mass culture, the elite defined high culture using the proper forms of cultural expression. The elite used the control of the access to this culture to define in-group identification and signal cultural cues which were to be picked up and mi micked by the lower classes. The monopoly on cultural expression changed with the advent of the mass production of goods. These goods became affordable owing to the sheer scale of their manufacture and the necessity to create awareness of the production surplus means of communication on a scale that had not happened in human history. The rise of mass culture was also made possible by the sprawl of societies as nations transitioned fromShow MoreRelatedMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2072 Words   |  9 PagesMass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had to dedicate to non-work pursuitsRead MoreMass Culture Of The United States : Technology And Time Off2098 Words   |  9 Pages Mass Culture in the United States: Technology and Time-Off Mass culture can be defined as the collective culture created by exposure to the same news sources, music, literature, art and consumer advertising. The rise of mass culture is a relatively new phenomenon that has occurred largely because of the rise of a leisure class fueled by technological innovations, the surplus in production brought about by the industrial revolution and the time the average consumer had toRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pages Mass culture by definition refers to the set of ideals and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art (chegg). It conveys the idea that culture emerges spontaneously from the masses themselves, like popular art did before the 20th century. However, post WW1 American society had advancements in technology that aided certain ideals and values in spreading across the nation. And the term media culture gives reference to the current western capitalistRead MoreA Brief Note On The World War I1327 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I began in 1914. WWI left a monumental spot on the European society, culture and diplomacy; this was a huge start to what defined Europe as a country compared to the rest of the world. Along with Europe there was also other countries who were taking affect during the time leading up to World War I. Whether it be the Americas or Africa. Everyone was searching in need in different aspects of life, culture, society, and diplomacy. When analyzing this topic, the first thing that poppedRead MoreMass Media And Its Effects On Society1633 Words   |  7 PagesEssay While there have been ideas and mass media in which we have access to, there is small changes in which The United States as a whole has been affected. There have been many discussions on how social media has played a part on American culture as we are becoming more reliant on computers and technology as well as we have in communicating. Social media and mass media has an affect modern society as technology has grown, so will its effects on people. Mass media and social media are, one socialRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 PagesEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in this life are the admiration and esteem of others, and the punishments in this life are contempt and neglect. In fact, the desire for the esteem of others is as real a want of nature as hunger, while the contempt and neglect of the world are as severe as a pain. The story of how Apple invented the wireless business has been told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve JobsRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreTechnology, War, And World Culture1250 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology, War, and World Culture In 1939 the world seen events that would set the stage for the next great war. In September 3, 1939 Britain, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany. Canada quickly follows suit, while United States to remain neutral. Between the nations, blows are quickly traded out; nations pushing technologies to the edge and pushing each others militaries to its full potential. Germany proved that is was a force to be dealt with. New weapons used in war resultedRead MoreThe Age of Exploration Brought Many Changes to the World Essay example1675 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. Before the Age of Exploration, a period lasting for centuries with long-extending effects, Europeans had not truly begun to explore Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Even with the fearless adventures of the Vikings, Polynesians, and Ming Chinese, no extreme, lasting difference was created. Once people began exploring outside of their own worlds, great social, political, and economic change was ushered in with the exchange and alteration of people, plants, animals, technology, diseasesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestors realized the massive opportunity at hand to deliver applications of this engine to the masses. In 1908, Henry Ford changed the game when he introduced his Model T to the world, the first mass produced vehicle designed for the average family’s use in everyday errands. Owning a car in the United States quickly, with the help of some corporate greed, became a necessity in and of itself in order to maintain a job and integrate oneself in society, this phenomenon did not immediately carry over into

The War Of The United States - 2222 Words

From 1861 until 1865, the United States was embroiled in a war that took or changed the lives of some 625,000 people, leaving many more scarred, mutilated, mentally incapacitated, and with family torn asunder. The war, not fought against an opposing nation or an invading force, but with brothers and countrymen on opposite sides of armed lines, was both longer and bloodier than either side had predicted, though it had been coming for years. The question of slavery had caused numerous debates and fights at the state level as well as in the federal houses, and the many states holding slaves believed it was their right to decide their own future. After the election of Abraham Lincoln to the office of President of the United States, many saw†¦show more content†¦In December of 1861, after the election of Lincoln, South Carolina became the first state to break away from the union that had held together since the ending of the Revolutionary War. In the weeks that followed South Car olina’s secession from the United States, several more states followed suit. With great speed a nation was seemingly born out of thought and created, like biblical tales, in what seemed like no time at all. On the morning of April 12, 1861, forces under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. These were the first shots fired in what would become known as the American Civil War. The fort was taken two days later by Confederate forces, with zero lives lost on either side (civilwar.org, n.d.), something that, unfortunately, was not signal the future of the war itself. With war officially declared, a sudden rising of Judiciary, Legislature, and Executive in the Confederate government, and the election of a President, Vice President, and a body of politicians to fill the various departments that were essentially carbon copies of those that existed still in the federal government of the United States, it

Hardware and Software Free Essays

My system will require a basic hardware package that includes the ability to run access. This means that they will need a basic computer package including input devices such as the keyboard and mouse and an output device, which is a monitor. Addition things such as a scanner and printer can be added to expand the capability of the computer. We will write a custom essay sample on Hardware and Software or any similar topic only for you Order Now This set-up with minimum requirements can be bought for a figure as little as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500, which is about the administration, costs for a small business anyway. It would need at least a 1 GB hard drive and have windows 2000. Windows two thousand is needed to run Access and word. Software Data-Power Data power has many basic features of a database software package. These include limited design functions. These design functions allow you to design different databases in a range of colours and layouts. It also contains some limited search or query functions. These include the ability to perform pre set searches on you database. However this is in contrast to the most up to date software which allows the user to develop there own search functions. This brings me to my first disadvantage with Data Power. This is that Data Power is a very competent programme but it’s very outdated. Many pieces of software available are now more advanced and contain more features than Data Power. As a result of its age, many new computers are not compatible with the data power programme. This could increase the cost of hardware and limit the functionality of the programme. Data Power is also avoidably difficult when it comes to searching. It uses much of the outdated and widely unknown computer language. This means that the users of such a programme will have to have limited knowledge of computers. Also searches are very wide and on large databases may not be practical. Excel Excel is a number-processing piece of software. It uses spreadsheets and equations to calculate and test different situations imposed on figures and how they may affect each other. Excel is good for balancing books and stock control as well as a minor model tester. It also has the ability to be used as a database. It has filter functions and limited search functions. It can be easily applied to word mail merge function giving one advantage over other packages. As well as this, it is also found on most computer systems. It is a relatively up-to-date system and is compatible with most systems. Excel also offers very complex queries. These queries allow you to search a number of things up at once. This is much better that the data powers basic query functions. It has lookup functions. However excel has only one user interface option. in addition to this it has no reports function or forms function. Word The purpose of word in this database is to use mail merge. This allows me to fulfil part of the criteria that says that the hotel needs to be able to send special offers to its customers. Word allows you to construct formal letters and files that can be used by mail merge to create personalised files. This would make it easier for administrators to send out special offers. Chosen Software I have chosen to use access. Access adaptable. You can make your own user interface designs as well as it being compatible with a lot of computer formats. Other reasons for my choice of excel is that I have access to access so it will be easier for me to make the database on access. Another reason for this choice is that access offers a wide range of query functions. These will allow me to set up the complex queries that are needed to perform the task the database was made for. How to cite Hardware and Software, Papers

Adventures Of Huck Finn And Racism Essay Example For Students

Adventures Of Huck Finn And Racism Essay In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn the main character Huck, makes two very important decisions. The first one is how he treats Jim when he first meets him at Jacksons Island and the second is to tear up the letter to Miss Watson because he cares deeply for Jim. When Huck first runs away from Pap he goes to Jacksons Island and thinks that he is the only person there. He soon finds out that this is not true, and that Miss Watsons Jim1 , is taking crap there as well. Many people would hate to be alone on an island with a nigger2 , but Huck is happy to have someone to talk with. At first Jim thinks he sees Hucks ghost and is scared. Huck gets Jims feelings by changing the subject and saying Its good daylight, les get breakfast3 , showing that Huck is not only real but he does not mind that Jim is black. Jim feels that Huck might tell on him for running away, but he then decides that it will be okay to tell him why he ran away from Miss Watson. Jim keeps asking Huck if he is going to tell anyone about his running away, and Huck says People would call me a low down abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum but that dont make no difference I aint gonna tell4. Hucks response truly shows that his ignorance has no showing over his kindness. When taken into consideration good decisions are much more important in the long run than being the smartest person. After traveling with Jim for quite some time Huck begins to feel bad about harboring a runaway slave. He decides to write a letter to Miss Watson explaining the whole story, because Jim had been sold and he does not know where he is. Huck was indeed confused about what he should do so he dropped he dropped to his knees and began to pray. He felt by helping Jim he was committing a sin, but he later realized you cant pray a lie5 . Huck saying this shows that he feels what he has done for Jim is not wrong; instead what others had done to Jim is wrong. Still not sure of what to do about the whole situation Huck writes the letter to Miss Watson, thinking he will be cleaned of sin6 and not feel so bad about what he is doing. After writing this letter of confession to Miss Watson, Huck starts to reminisce about the times he had with Jim. As he is thinking he comes across the times Jim would be standing my watch on top of hisn, stead of calling me so I could go on sleeping7 . Huck begins to realize that he would not be able to strike no places to harden me against him8 , showing that he realizes that Jim has done nothing but good for him. Huck looks at what he is doing and feels  ashamed. He takes one final look at the letter before saying all right then, Ill go to hell9 and then rips up the letter of confession. The fact that Huck looked back at his times with Jim before deciding to tear up the letter shows that the decision was obviously made conscientiously through his decisions. Hucks decisions have a major efect on the way he treats Jim at Jacksons Island and in his decision to tear up the confession letter to Miss Watson. The way that these decisions are made shows that Huck does indeed have a good set of morals, which he uses to make his decisions. With Huck being only a young kid and Jim being much older, I think that it is easy to say that Mark Twain grew up in a area that was just like that when he was a young kid and also I believe that he was against slavery. .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 , .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .postImageUrl , .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 , .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536:hover , .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536:visited , .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536:active { border:0!important; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536:active , .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536 .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua4d0ac858e91e5ab837f490181c4f536:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Miller in the General Prologue EssayIt was probably something to do with someone he knew or something like that, he probably made friends with a slave and realized that they have lives to.

What Dreams May Come Essays - What Dreams May Come,

What Dreams May Come Many of us, people don't believe that there exists live after death. We think that this is not possible. People are just dying and they are living their bodies behind them, and leaving this world. Some of us believe in the reincarnation. We died, but we are born as a new human being. In the book ? What dreams may come ? there exist live after death- in heaven. The book tells about a men name Chris and his family. One day he was coming from the theater and three cars hit him, and he died. He woke up at the hospital. Before he died he heard the voices coming from a man. Those voices were saying to him ? to not fight ?. Then after a while he was dead. At first he didn't believe that this happened. When he saw his body lying on the hospital bed he knew that his journey in the world was finish. He didn't know what he was supposed to do. He was looking for his wife. He tried to find her and talk to her, but the only person that could see him or hear him was the person at the hospital that he couldn't recognize. He couldn't see exactly who the man was; he saw just his shadows. Chris was living his other live, live after death. He never knew that ? death is merely continuation at another level ?. After he died he realized that the life is not finish. The spirit lives just our bodies and it goes to heaven. Chris couldn't wait till his wife is going to join him. He believed that this would come soon, because he couldn't stop thinking about her. ? For everything in life there's a counterpart in afterlife ? Nothing can destroy the spirit. Chris was aware of that he went to the other side. He was patiently waiting for his wife. After some time he got the message from Albert that she is not going to join him, because he commit suicide. ? Suicide only participates a darker continuation of the some conditions from which escape was sought. A continuation under circumstances is so much more painful. ? He didn't want to believe that she is not coming there. The only way that they could be together was that he had to go to rescue her from that world. This was very hard to do, because many people tried to do it and they never came back. He got more luck, because he went there. The only problem that he had was that he couldn't find her. There was to many people that commit suicide. He was trying hard to find her and finally he did. He brought her memory back, because she didn't remember anything. Then they came back to the Summerland, and live happy ever after. There also exist the supernatural contact with spirits. In the book when Chris died his family was very sad. He went to his daughter room and he saw the letter that she was writing to her friend. She was telling about her parents and what they lived through. Chris tried to talk to her, without any respond. She couldn't hear anything, because she didn't knew that he was there. Chris didn't gave up and he was telling to her ? write I'm still alive ?, he was repeating this all over and he made her write this note. She was very suprised when she saw this. At first she didn't knew what she suppose to do with this note, but then, she went to her mom trying to tell her that her father made her to write this note. When she enter the room, she saw her mother crying and she decided to not show her nothing. Then she decided that much happened and now was not good time to show it to her. She went back to her room, never telling her mother about that accident. After a little while Chris went to heaven. When he got there he was very suprised what he saw. Heaven was very nice place. He saw the same person that he saw at the hospital, but now

Alibrandi VS Clueless essays

Alibrandi VS Clueless essays The opening scene for both movies told me straight away what each film was about. Clueless opened with a party and the main character (Cher) explaining her life and telling me what her life was about; parties, clothes, friends, relationships etc . And with the music, it told me that this movie was an American movie and wouldnt have big problems that some teenagers go through in life. Which it didnt. Now Alibrandi open with the song dinta rella di luna, which is an old Italian favourite. The scene was Josie, the main character, cutting tomatoes for the sauce, like most Italians do. And Josie also explained her life as an Italian. Which she wasnt to pleased about, especially when she saw her relatives dancing to the old song. The opening scene told me that this film wouldnt be like most teen films because it related to me more and to other teenagers more. Both of these films have Narrators; Josie for Alibrandi and Cher for Clueless. Cher speaks in an upbeat voice like shes always happy. But Josie on the other hand speaks in a downbeat voice, it almost sounds like shes bored and even when shes happy she sounds sarcastic. Image wise, the characters are completely different. When I first saw Cher she was looking for something to wear, on the computer! Which told me straight away that she was rich and that she was in the popular group of the school. I knew that because all American teen movies are the same. When I saw Josie, for the first time, she was cutting tomatoes. She wasnt well dress. And when I saw her house I could tell that she wasnt a millionaire. But she had a big family that loved her. The father figure is in all teen movies, because it can add twists and turns to a story. Because as a stereotype the fathers, in most stories, are the ones who go to work and put food on the table as to say. In Chers case it does, but in Josie case there ...

Coaching Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Coaching Model - Assignment Example The task each employee undertakes plays a huge part in the realisation of an organization’s objectives. Perspectives in this case refer to factors such as values and motivations that drive the employee to perform the delegated tasks diligently. Apparently, in an organization where workers lack motivation from the top management fails to meet its target objectives compared to an organization that boasts of motivated employees. Process refers to the manner that dictates performance of tasks such as working as a team with an intention of improving performance. An employer must ensure that his or her employees exhibit a sense of purpose and understand their delegated roles within the organization. Gray (2010) substantiates that employees with a sense of personal direction usually exhibit high performance levels. Managers need to embark on improving workers motivation such as offering fringe benefits to them because high motivation levels translate to greater employee productivity. Lastly, a manager must develop effective process within the organization such as in service training of employees because highly trained employees usually exhibit high productivity within the

Mergers & Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mergers & Acquisitions - Essay Example The earnings per share is 15.5p, which must be maintained. Therefore x/15.5 =8, hence x = 124p or 1 pound and 24 pence. This is the price of 1.24 pounds at which Smith plc may be valued for purpose of the merger if a P/E ratio of 8 must be achieved. On this basis, the average price of a share in a merged entity of both Amanda plc and Smith plc works out to {(1.24 + 2.40)/2} = 1.82 pounds, which is the market price that must be set for the share. In such a case, this would result in a lowering of the Amanda plc share value in the market by (2.40 – 1.82) = 0.58 pence, while in the case of Smith plc share holders, the value of their stock rises by (1.82 -1.03) = 79 pence. Therefore, it may be noted that the second option appears to be the better choice, since it entails less losses for Amanda plc shareholders and more gains for Smith plc shareholders, in terms of share values. In order to assess the earnings on the shares that can be estimated while also maintaining some growth in the next three years, it may be noted that Amanda plc is currently on a growth track but will decline in the next three years, but for Smith plc future growth prospects look good but the limitation is finances. The current rate of return on the Smith plc shares is (15.5 X 100/103) – 15%. On the basis of current earnings per share for Smith plc being 15.5 pence, if a growth rate of at least 15% is desired in 3 years with a desired rate of return of at least the current 15%, then the current fair market value should be at least 1.02 pounds. (ww.moneychimp.com). This is more or less the current value of the Smith plc stock (1.03 pounds) and a growth rate of 15% can be achieved although the PEG ratio is on the higher side. The P/E ratio in this case will be 9.7 and the PEG ratio will be 0.64. On the other hand, if a growth rate of 30% is desired with a similar 15% rate of ret urn on Smith plc stock, then the fair market value that must

Corporate Social Responsibility of Qantas Airline Case Study

Corporate Social Responsibility of Qantas Airline - Case Study Example This research tells that Corporate Social Responsibility aligns the corporate actions and activities to the government law and ensure the business model is ethical. The goal of Corporate Social Responsibility is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and to encourage the positive impacts through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, and stakeholders. This report will analyze the implemented CSR policies of Qantas Airways and assess their effectiveness to determine whether the practice has helped the organization in achieving its goals and objective. According to Qantas Airway Limited Website, Qantas was established in 1920by Paul McGuiness, Hudson Fysh, Fergus McMaster and Arthur Baird. After almost 91 years of growing and developing, Qantas nowadays is widely regarded as the world's leading long distance airline and one of the strongest brands in Australia. It employs approximately 32,500 employees and offers services across a network spa nning 182 destinations over 44 countries. The main business of Qantas is the transportation of passengers, with two main brands, Qantas and Jetstar; operate the total passenger fleet of 252 aircraft. For the full year ended 30 June 2010, Qantas reported underlying profit before tax of $377 million. Net Profits after tax was $116 million. In Qantas, there is a corporate governance framework that works under the Safety, Health, and Environment Security Committee (SESC). This is a board of oversight that was introduced in 1994 is found at Qantas.com. Currently, the board has six members with each having his or her rank. There is the chief executive officer of the board and five independent non-executive officers. The board has laid down a charter that is available on their website. The charter talks more of their objectives, visions, and missions. The SESC has its objectives that are all aimed at assisting the board in performance; the SESC also assists the board on issues concerning s afety, health, security matters, and the environment. They aim at making the working environment to be conducive to working. The SESC also deals with risk management, which in any business, is one of the areas that require a lot of concentration. A good process of risk management should be laid down and then implemented to point. Apart from the working of the audit committee, SESC also works in a way to ensure that there are credibility and transparency. SESC holds meetings regularly from where it sets objectives of achieving the latter objectives and there are some qualifications that members of SESC must meet before joining. All this is meant to ensure that the performance of SESC is done to perfection, and with practiced ease.

Naked Eye Single Tube Osmotic Fragility Test

Naked Eye Single Tube Osmotic Fragility Test The effectiveness of one tube osmotic fragility screening in detecting BTT was first introduced by Kattamis C. in 1981.(56) NESTROFT is the rapid simple and cost effective screening test. 2.15.1 Principle The principle of NESTROFT is based on the limit of hypotonicity that the red cell can withstand. There is a pronounced decrease in osmotic fragility of red cells in ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia(57) Cells with a decreased surface/volume ratio, have a limited capacity to expand in low osmolarity solutions and lyse (rupture) at a higher concentration of sodium chloride than do normal biconcave red cells. Therefore, thalassaemic cells that are hypochromic and fLatter have a greater capacity to expand and thus have decreased osmotic fragility. (58) 2.15.2 Clinical Implications The different saline concentration is used in NESTROFT test to detect spherocytosis and BTT. Positive test is due to reduced osmotic fragility of red cells at 0.36% buffered saline. Manglani M et al in 1997 studied 165 cases (with MCV Recent published data has shown that the NSTROFT can be a very useful screening tool for ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia Trait. (5, 63-66) Different studies show that NESTROFT with 0.36% saline could detect 96-100% of heterozygotes with ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia. Study published in Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 2002 concludes NSTROFT to be 92.5% sensitive and 95.2% specific for screening of red cell microcytosis.(67) The test proves to be simple, cheap, easy to perform and adaptable for mass screening coming close to an ideal screening test. According to a recent study conducted at PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi, NESTROFT has a Positive Predictive Value of 85.38% and Negative Predictive Value of 97.66%, this correlates to international published data. The diagnostic accuracy was 94.6 % (63) NESTROFT done with 0.36 % buffered saline solution provides more accurate results compared to the other concentrations tested.(5) Routine use of haematological data from automated cell counters may complement the result s of the NSTROFT.(64) 2.16 Supravital Stains Supravital stains are a group of special stains for demonstration of intracellular inclusions in the living tissues. Common supravital stains used are methylene blue, new methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue (BCB), methyl violet, crystal violet and azure B. Supravital stains in thalassemia are done for the demonstration of reticulocytes and Hb H inclusions as and when indicated. In thalassaemia carrier screening reticulocyte count does not have a diagnostic value. However in the detection of ÃŽÂ ±-thalassaemia, especially Hb H disease, the brilliant cresyl blue stain will detect the characteristic Hb H inclusion bodies. Supravital stains (brilliant cresyl blue or new-methylene blue) are able to stain residual mRNA in immature red blood cells. There are now several automated electronic cell counters able to perform a reticulocyte count using specific RNA staining.(68) Reticulocyte numbers and maturation levels have been studied in different haemoglobinopathies and the results have been correlated with the degree of ineffective erythropoiesis. Laura C. et al in 2003 studied 219 samples from patients with Sickle Beta-thalassemia (n=7), HbSC disease (n=11), BTT (n=33) and IDA (n=47) and non-anaemic individuals(n=60). They found patients with HbS trait (0.83%), IDA (1.18%) and BTT (1.53%) showed Reticulocyte parameters similar to non-anaemic group (1.18%). A non-responsive bone marrow does not release reticulocytes in sufficient numbers to compensate for the degree anaemia. The authors concluded that the absolute number and immaturity fraction were higher in BTT than normal individuals, but without statistical significance.(69) 2.17 Haemoglobin Electrophoresis Hemoglobin electrophoresis (also called Hgb electrophoresis), is a test that measures the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. The method used is called electrophoresis, a process that causes movement of particles in an electric field, resulting in formation of bands that separate toward one end or the other in the field. 2.17.1 Types of Electrophoresis 2.17.1.1 SDS-PAGE SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) is a common type of electrophoresis used for analyzing proteins, which separates proteins according to their size. The SDS is a protein denaturing detergent that causes unfolding of protein molecule. The detergent binds to the polypeptide in a 1:1 ratio with each segment of the protein to give it a charge. The movement of protein polypeptides through the gel occurs at different rates depending on size. 2.17.1.2 Agarose Gels Agarose gels electrophoresis is used for separation of RNA and DNA molecules. Like SDS-PAGE, this separates the molecules based on charge and size. DNA molecules are negatively charged, so they move through the gel quickly depending on size. Smaller DNA fragments move more quickly than larger ones due to friction resistance. 2.17.1.3 Electrofocusing Electrofocusing analyze the charge and pH values of proteins. A container is filled with a gel solution that has an increasing pH gradient. The amino acids that form polypeptides have different acidic or basic charges. The protein travels through the gel, obtaining or losing protons depending on its charge. As the protein particle moves through the gel, it eventually becomes neutral and gets stuck in an isoelectric position. 2.17.1.4 Capillary Capillary electrophoresis is a method similar to SDS-PAGE. It separates molecules based on their charge and mass. Molecules are placed in rows called capillaries filled with conductive, electrolyte fLuid. The analytes move in a speed relative to their charge and mass. This method is an older technique introduced in the 1960s. SDS-PAGE is usually preferred in labs. 2.17.1.5 Native Gels Native gels are similar to SDS-PAGE, except the detergent (SDS) is not used to denature proteins. Native gels are only able to separate proteins up to 2,000 kDa in size. Because the proteins are left folded, the dyes used are also different than SDS-PAGE. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is the method for identification and quantification of variant Hbs. Electrophoretic methods have been developed that allow for separation at alkaline pH 8.4 on cellulose acetate and at acidic pH 6.2 on agarose gels. These provide a clear background, allowing for quantification of the Hb present by densitometric scanning.(47) Cellulose acetate electrophoresis may be used for qualitative identification of variants, but also with elution for quantitation of the haemoglobins, A2, A, S, D, Lepore, ÃŽÂ ±-chain variants, Hb H and Hb Barts. Agarose gel electrophoresis is not a satisfactory screening technique because it cannot distinguish many abnormal haemoglobins from Hb A. However it can separate the C group into three fractions: HbC, O-Arab, and Hb E plus HbA2. The method can also distinguish Hb S from Hb D, Hb F from Hb A, Hbs Little Rock, Rainier and Bethesda from Hb A, and Hb H from Hb I. (68) The diagnosis of BTT relies on an accurate estimation of HbA2 levels.(69) Raised HbA2 level (>3.5%) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of BTT. Subjects found to be positive in preliminary screening tests by Red cell indices, DFs and NESTROFT are confirmed for thalassemic carrier status by various methods such as cellulose acetate electrophoresis, microcolumn chromatography, capillary isoelectrofocussing and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography). Subjects with HbA2 levels of 3.5% and above are considered to have BTT. However precautions have to be taken when HbA2 levels fall between 3.3 and 3.7%. In such cases it is recommended to repeat the assay to rule out technical error or treat the patient for IDA before the analysis is repeated.(60) According to the Thalassemia working party of BCSH General haematology Task force both electrophoresis and elution from cellulose acetate or microcolumn chromatography are recommended. They suggested that precision and accuracy of automated scanning densitometry was inadequate for HbA2 estimation. (70) 2.18 Isoelectric focusing (IEF) IEF is another popular method used by laboratories that have a large number of specimens or very small sample volumes that perform newborn screening. This electrophoretic method utilizes carrier ampholytes, small proteins that are able to carry both current and pH (Zwitterions). When the current is applied to the support medium, the ampholytes will gradually establish a pH gradient throughout the gel (for example, a pH range of 6 to 8 for Hb analysis). IEF gives better separation of Hb variants that show similar mobilities on alkaline electrophoresis, which are much sharper. Hb variants such as Hb-Malmo, show separation from HbA which is not seen on alkaline electrophoresis. Minor bands such as HbH, Hb-Barts and Delta chain variants are easily seen.(71) Figure 2.6 Examples of many hemoglobin variants and their migration patterns on Isoelectric focusing. 2.19 Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIF) CIF is a useful analytical technique for characterization of protein mixtures and determination of protein isoelectric points. It is particularly useful in separation of protein glycoforms, characterizing protein microheterogeneity, and resolution of charge variants. The capillary focusing process is analogous to conventional isoelectric focusing in gels, while the requirement for zone mobilization is unique to the capillary format with on-tube detection. A variety of mobilization methods have been described, and the selection of the mobilization method for a particular application depends on the capillary type, the instrument configuration, and the type of proteins to be analyzed. Capillary IEF is generally successful for proteins with a molecular weight up to about 150,000 that exhibit good solubility in aqueous buffers, but may be unsatisfactory for large or hydrophobic proteins.(72) 2.20 Globin chain electrophoresis It is an ancillary procedure in which haemoglobin lysate with mercaptoethanol and 8mol/L Urea to dissociate the globin chain is used. It is run both at alkaline and acid pH. It gives additional information on haemoglobin variants that have similar mobilities by other methods.(71) Globin chain electrophoresis is run at both alkaline and acid pH because some hemoglobin variants show slight differences in mobility at the two pHs. This method often gives additional information on hemoglobin variants that have similar mobilities by other methods. In confusing cases, this method may be useful to document the presence of both an ÃŽÂ ± and a ÃŽÂ ² chain variant Examples of different hemoglobin variants on globin chain electrophoresis are shown in Figure 2.6. (www.cap.org/apps/docs/cap_press/hemoglobinatlas_intro.pdf) Figure 2.7.Examples of hemoglobin variants on both acid (pH 6.2) and alkaline (pH 8.9) globin chain electrophoresis. Source: Adopted from hemoglobin atlas. (www.cap.org/apps/docs/cap_press/hemoglobinatlas_intro.pdf) 2.21 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) HPLC is a method that has been available for many years. Cation-exchange HPLC is emerging as the method of choice for the initial screening of Hb variants.(56) Run lengths have been shortened from more than 20mins to 6 to 7mins. These instruments are approved by U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the measurements of HbS, A2 and F. These instruments generally utilize a weak cation exchange column. Gradually increasing the ionic strength of the eluting solution causes the Hb protein to come off the column at a particular retention time. This method has a advantage that HbC does not coelute with HbA2, however HbE and HbO-Arab still coelute with HbA2 with this method.(71) 2.22 DNA Analysis The DNA analysis is gold standard for detection of carrier state of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia. The prenatal diagnosis of affected couple should be carried out to prevent the birth of thalassemic child by selective abortion of affected foetuses. It is essential to characterize the DNA mutations of the parents for prenatal diagnosis of affected couple. The methods available to study DNA mutations are allele specific oligonucleotide (ASO) screening, (73) reverse dot blot, and restriction endonuclease allele recognition.(74) The ASO method is for detection point mutations, nucleotide insertion or deletion in genomic DNA. In this method ASO probes of 18-20 per sequence are used. DNA is denatured and dot blotted on to a nylon membrane and then hybridized to different probes. In reverse dot blot probes are attached to the membrane and DNA hybridizes with dot corresponding to the mutation. A recent method is amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) technique in which specific primers against normal and mutant sequences are used.(60) More than 150 mutations causing beta-thalassemia have been reported from different parts of the world.(74) Studies conducted in Pakistan show the five most common mutations are IVS1-5 (G-C), IVS1-1 (G-T), Fr 41-42 (-TTCT) Fr 8-9 (+G) and deletion 619 bp.(75) Ahmed et al found that there are important ethnic and regional differences in the prevalence of mutations. The five most common mutations, IVSI-5 (G-C) (37.3%), Fr 8-9 (+G) (25.9%), del 619 (7.0%), Fr 41-42 (-TTCT) (6.7%) and IVSI-1 (G-T) (5.4%), constitute 82.3% of the total. Fr 8-9 (+G) is the most common mutation in Northern Pakistan (41.3%), whereas IVSI-5 (G-C) is the most frequent mutation in Southern Pakistan (52.2%). (76) 2.23 Prenatal Diagnosis The availability of prenatal diagnosis added a new option to couples at risk for major haemoglobinopathy, leading to a significant change in the effectiveness of screening and counseling in hemoglobinopathy prevention. Prenatal diagnosis of both ÃŽÂ ±- and ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia was carried out for the first time in the 1970s using globin chains synthesis analysis in fetal blood, obtained by fetoscopy or placental aspiration around the nineteenth week of gestation. The advent of DNA analysis and the introduction of chorionic villi sampling resulted in a notable improvement in prenatal diagnosis because it could be performed generally at 10 to 12 weeks of gestation. Fetal DNA can be obtained also from aminocytes at 15 to 17 weeks of pregnancy. The reported risk of fetal loss with this procedure ranges from 0.5 to 4.5%. After sampling, fetal DNA analysis is performed by the PCR-based methods mentioned for carrier detection procedures. In general, the mutation to be detected in the fet us is first identified in the parents. The results of DNA analysis are very accurate, but misdiagnosis may occur for several reasons (failure to amplify the target DNA fragment, mispaternity, maternal contamination, and sample exchange). However, the risk of misdiagnosis can be significantly reduced using a number of precautionary measures, such as fetal DNA analysis for selected polymorphic markers.(35) Fetal cells, known to be present in the maternal circulation, represent an attractive, noninvasive approach to prenatal diagnosis. Fetal cells, immunological isolated for their low purity, can only be used for prenatal diagnosis of ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia in women whose partners carry a different mutation. Recently, this problem has been overcome by development of a technique able to isolate single fetal erythroblasts from maternal blood by microscopic micromanipulation, making possible the analysis of both fetal genes in a single cell. However, this procedure is associated with several technical and biological problems and it is not widely applicable.(35) The discovery of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma provided the basis for developing another method for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. However, because free maternal DNA is also present, the application to prenatal diagnosis of thalassemias would be possible only to exclude paternally derived pathologic alleles different from the mot hers mutation.(35) The advent of DNA amplification has made it possible to define the geneotype of a single cell biopsied from cleaving embryos (preimplantation diagnosis) and to analyze the polar body obtained during the maturation of the oocyte (preconceptional diagnosis). These procedures avoid the need to terminate affected pregnancies and permit the transfer of only healthy embryos established from in vitro fertilization. Successful experiences in many couples with this approach have been reported in hemoglobinopathies. However, preimplantation genetic diagnosis is a technically challenging, intensive procedure, which requires the close collaboration of a team of specialists. (35) To date, programmes for ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia prevention based on carrier screening, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis are on-going in several areas at risk in Mediterranean countries, with a marked decline in the incidence of thalassemia major. Effective preventive programs have also been established in countries such as United Kingdom, where thalassemia is a rare disorder that affects diverse minority ethnic groups. Special attention should be given in these programmes to the different religious and social issues and to the different attitude towards prenatal diagnosis of the various ethnic minorities. In case the mutations are not identified linkage studies using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) or globin chain synthesis by cord blood sampling are the other options used for prenatal diagnosis. (60) In 1999, Maheshwari M and colleagues suggested fLow chart for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia. (Figure 2.7) In 1994 the thalassemia working party of British Society of Hematology suggested guidelines for investigation of the ÃŽÂ ± and /ÃŽÂ ² thalassaemia traits. (Figure 2.8) Figure 2.8. FLow chart for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of thalassemia. Source: Adopted from Maheshwari M, Arora S, Kabra M, Menon PSN. Carrier screening and prenatal Diagnosis of Beta-thalassemia. Indian Pediatr 1999; 36: 1119-1125. Figure 2.9. FLow chart for thalassemia carrier detection suspected on red cell indices Source: adopted from Guidelines for investigation of the ÃŽÂ ± and /ÃŽÂ ² thalassaemia traits, The Thalassaemia Working Party of the BCSH General Haematology Task Force J Clin Pathol 1994;47:289-295 Prevention is better than cure. It is important to develop prevention programmes for thalassemia prevention where there is high frequency, to avoid fatalities from untreated thalassaemia cases, the expense and difficulty of providing optimum treatment for patients which creates a burden on patients, families and national health services. Thalassaemia patients may be left untreated (indeed, they often die without a diagnosis) or grossly under-treated. At the same time, quality of treatment is firmly linked to both survival rates and quality of life. (Thalassemia International Federation, 2003). The countries where prevention programmes are effective resulting in increased survival of thalassemia major patients in comparison to countries where preventive strategies do not exist. (Figure 2.6) Graph A Graph B Figure 2.10. Graph A: Age distribution of thalassemics in a country without prevention Patients are mostly infants (non-prevention) and children (early deaths) Graph B: Age distribution of thalassemics in a country with full prevention treatment. There is gap in early years with patients mostly in their mid-twenties. Source: Adopted from Prevention of thalassemia other hemoglobinopathies, Thalassaemia International Federation, 2003.

The Reality of War and Death Depicted in Owens Poem, Dulce Et Decorum

If we look at the history of the world with a kaleidoscope, we can see the different aspects of war and what effect it had on the mind of different people and artists such as poets, painters and authors. Many poets romanticized war, luring it with their pen and giving it a beautiful look by glorifying death and obliging young blood to fight for their motherland. For example the poems â€Å"Peace† by Rupert Brooke and â€Å"Fall In† by Harold Begbie painted war with the highlights of glamorous and sensation. Apart from poets there are also politicians who achieved their aims with the help of war and violence while others who used the weapons of non violence to achieve their goals. The most famous example is of Adolf Hitler who took the aid of war to conquer the territories. The media also has a great impact on the mind of the public, like newspapers, televisions, radios arouses the public’s interest and motivates the young generation to join the army and fight fo r the nation. However, there are artists who look at war in its very naked form. For example the poet Wilfred Owen in his poem â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† demonstrates that no sweetness or honor is earned in dying for one’s country, instead humanity is taken away during war. In the first stanza Owen uses strong metaphors and similes to convey a meaningful warning. The first line, â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks†, describes the soldiers tremendous exhaustion. They have been brought down to a beggar’s level and are being compared to low society. To reinforce this the speaker says, â€Å"And towards our distant rest began to trudge† (3). Everything seemed farther and so the troops desire for relaxation and peace. Owen uses metaphors:†Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots/B... ...Unlike other poets who glorified war and eluded people’s mind Owen brought the reality of war and death in front of people’s eyes. War is not just fighting for your nation and gaining victory, it is looking at death and inhumanity eye to eye and experiencing agony, suffering and reality. The name of heroes and heroism just remains in words but the reality is the inhuman situation faced during the war. In my opinion war is not a solution to all problems, there is no need for bloodshed, killing, violence and destruction. The problems, the difference of opinion and disputes can be settled by non violence, agreements and understandings. Mahatma Gandhi proved to the world that you can achieve your aim by means of non violence and peace. He rightly said: â€Å"I object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent.†

The Journey of Two American Girls

The Journey of Two American Girls Laura Logan ENG125: Introduction to Literature (AFG1301A) Instructor: Carla  McGill February 4, 2013 How can an African American and a Hispanic girls be treated different when they are the same type of person? I chose the theme of race and ethnicity when I selected the poems â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl† by Patricia Smith and â€Å"Child of the Americas† by Aurora Levin Morales. I am a Hispanic person with an African ancestry. I speak fluent Spanish and English and have experience life from both sides of the continent.The poems show how African American and Hispanics American girls lives were affected based on their race and ethnicity. The life of the African American girl life was affected because of her race and racism; while the life of the Hispanic American girl life was (not) affected because of her ethnicity. While both the African American and Hispanic American girls were born on American soil, racism affected the African American girl’s way she lived her life while ethnicity (heritage) played a major role in Hispanic American girl’s life.The poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl† is about a nine year old African American girl who life was immensely affected by racism and the fact that she was a girl did not help her either. The thing that I notice was missing is where is the girl’s parents during the time she was growing up; maybe it was the author intent not to mention the girl’s parents. Growing up is tough enough as a black girl, you add the absence of parents and throw in racism, this girl does not have a chance to live a successful life. According to the American Heritage College Dictionary, racism has two meanings.First, racism is, â€Å"The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. † Second, racism is, â€Å"Discrimination or prejudice based on race. † The African American girl health was effected by racism, she was conditioned to be ashamed of her skin color, the texture of her hair and ethnicity. In her mind she think the only way the coccasion people will except her is if she look like them. According to Bhui, (2002) Racism is a fundamental cause of disparities in health.Its myriad effects and links to other forms of social stratification lead to it being both obvious and masked. Its boundaries are indistinct because it is internal as well as external, individual as well as ecological, and shunned while being an integral part of dominant culture ideology. Its investigation is important and yet part of the spider’s web that traps the best thinkers of ethnic minorities in contemplation instead of action and this brings us to the final paradox, understanding racism is a prerequisite of beating it (p. 3). I get the feeling that the black girl not only felt that at nine she was not finished, but perhaps she coul d into a different person other than the person she was then. The African American girl definitely had mental heath issues, she wanted white skin and blue eyes, something that was accepting of the culture of that time. According to Smith (1991) â€Å"It’s being 9 years old and feeling like you’re not finished,† writes Smith, â€Å"like your edges are wild, like there’s something, everything, wrong. † (line, 4).According to Smith (1991) the â€Å"black girl† she refers to in her poem is feeling the awkwardness of her newly changing body and the hope of something different and maybe better to come (p 283). Some people would say that the African American girl understands her body, but I would say that she is not ready for her body changes perhaps because of who she is or want to be and that is to look like the other girls in the society in which she lives. The life of the Hispanic girl in the â€Å"Child of the Americas† is so different from that of the black girl in the â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl†.I stated that I have live on both sides of the Americas, and like the Hispanic girl in â€Å"Child of the Americas† by Aurora Levin Morales, According to Dictionary. com ethnicity is ethnic  traits, background, allegiance, or association; relating to or characteristic of a human group having racial, religious, linguistic, and certain other traits in common; relating to the classification of mankind into groups, especially on the basis of racial characteristics; denoting or deriving from the cultural traditions of a group of people.I must say that I have experience little to know racism. In the Hispanic society we are free mentally and physically to be want ever we want to be without restrictions being place on us girls. The Hispanic girl understand who she is and where she comes from. The one thing I notice about the two poems is that the author in this poem mention the girl’s m other and grandparents, which indicates that there is a support system in place to deal with life situation. The Hispanic girl unlike the African American girl was proud of her body and her light-skinned mestiza.Morales (1986) states that I am a child of the Americas, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean, a child of many diaspora, born into this continent at a crossroads. I am a U. S. Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known (p. 278). (Morales, 1) shows that this girl knows who she is and accepts that she is different than what she may see everyday. She is proud of her Puerto Rican heritage, proud to be of multi-racial descent, proud to be from the islands.She knows where she comes from and where she has is going. In â€Å"Child of the America’s†, the girl proudly states she is, â€Å"a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean†. (Morales, 2) The girl in this poem lets us know from the beginning that she is a girl of mixed race. She is strong and confident in her abilities. She enjoys life and appears to be well educated and well versed. Her social class could be middle class to wealthy with parents that worked their way out of poverty. â€Å"A product of the ghettos of New York I have never known†. Morales, 5)    â€Å"I speak English with passion: it's the tongue of my consciousness, a flashing knife blade of cristal, my tool, my craft†. (Morales, 7, 8) I remember when my daughter was in elementary school and she took a knife to school for protection and she was the tallest student in the school. Patrica Smith, the author of the poem â€Å"What’s it like to be a Black Girl† discusses the challenges the African American girl has with identifying the changes her body is going through as she is growing up. The African American irl does not appear to know what is going on, or perhap just do not want to face the future because of who she is, the color of her skin, the texture of her hair and the color of her eyes. Smith (1991) states that â€Å"It’s finding a space between your legs, a disturbance at your chest, and not knowing what to do with the whistles, it’s jumping double dutch until your legs pop, it’s sweat and Vaseline and bullets, it’s growing tall and wearing a lot of white, it’s smelling blood in your breakfast. † (p. 278).According to Myers (2002) African American women noted lower satisfaction with professional lives, differential and negative treatment from colleagues, and greater feelings of isolation on campus. Such isolation carries with it important implications: Literature shows that the rate of promotion and tenure among African American women is slower than that of African American men and white women. Isolation and lack of effective mentoring processes are direct influences in these low promotion and tenure rates as well as low retention rates among African American women in academia (Williams- Green and Singh, 1995).The state of mine she was in due to racism and her lack of support from her family especially a father figure, made it very hard for her to be a good judge character when it came to her selecting or being selected by the male persuasion. The Hispanic girls life is total contrary to the African American girl’s life. My young life was very similar to the Hispanic girl. She was very aware of her growing up and her body changes. She had a support around her as she was growing up and she was deeply rooted in her heritage and proud to shake it and speak her mind when needed.It even sounds like the Hispanic girls even like literature as she like the singing of poetry. Morales (1986) indicated that Spanish is my flesh, Ripples from my tongue, lodges in my hips: the language of garlic and mangoes, the singing of poetry, the flying gestures of my hands. I am of Latinoamerica, rooted in the history of my continent: I speak from that body p. 278). The author kind o f implies that the Hispanic girls enjoys having a good time dancing and living the Latinoamerica life style.The poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl† the girl is continually getting older and bigger and changing her clothing, to wear white clothing trying to look like the society who is showing racism toward her. She want to wear white like a new bride, which symbolize purety. She has seen a lot of racism in her life and based on the fact she want to be Caucasian or at least look like them. She only see African American in a negative way. The mood of the black girl is somber and sad because every phase in her life there is know one for her to talk to or lift her spirits.The Hispanic girl in the poem â€Å"Child of the Americas† is happy about where she came from, like me, she is probably bilingual and loves the fact that she is Puerto Rican and unlike most Hispanics she is Jew. Accoring to Morales (1986) the girl is a U. S. Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known. An immigrant and the daughter and granddaughter of immigrants. I speak English with passion: it’s the tongue of my consciousness (p. 278). The Hispanic girl can relate to more than one culture and have multiple races to identify with; she has many races and loves them all.The African American life will aways be in termoil and does not know how to resist a man when they are not right for her. The first man that reaches out to her, she just gave in to him without any resistance. On the other hand, the Hispanic girl life was all line up for, like most Hispanic women she was determined in life and had the will power to resistance a bad situation and move away from it. The Hispanic girl was very secure about who she was and what she wanted to become and had the support of her family, unlike the black girl who was not sure of who she was and how she was going to get there.The poems were completely opposite when it came to the style as th ey sent different messages to the reader. The style is the mood or attitude reflected in a literary work. The â€Å"What it’s like to be a black girl†, the style is that of confusion, uncertainty, and sadness. She doesn’t understand what’s happening to her body or just do not want to except it because of the racism she has face in her life and why she look like the people who are mistreating her because she does not have blonde hair and blue eyes.The style of â€Å"Child of the America’s is that of a proud heritage, love of self, and accepting who you are and proud to be what you are. She loves who she has become and where she comes from. She understand her body and uses it to her advantgage. The biggest difference I see in the two girls is that one had no family support and really know heritage to fall back on and the other had great support and how they saw themselves. in the way they perceive themselves. The black girl did not know that black i s beautiful and to be proud of your heritage and who you are.She is lacking role models that she can live or look up. Unfortunate she lived in an era where racism was allow to thrive, which lead to discrimination because of the color of her skin. The poem â€Å"Child of the Americas† by Aurora Levins Morales is about social diversity. It is about a person like myself coming from Central America. I was born in Panama, where we did not experience racism until I came to the United States. According to Morales (1) I am a child of the Americas, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean, a child of many diaspora, born into this continent at a crossroads.Like the character in the poem I to am the child of the Americas, except my skin in dark brown and I am proud of my Spanish heritage and teach it to my children. I have African in me, but I am not accepted as an African because I speak fluent Spanish and English. African American do not accept me as an African American because I spea k Spanish. Morales (18) also indicates that â€Å"I am new. History made me. My first language was spanglish. I was born at the crossroads and I am whole† (p. 278).Racism is a belief in racial superiority:  the belief that people of different races have different qualities and abilities, and that some races are inherently superior or inferior. Racism affected how minority girls were treated and the lack of a good quality education. It seperates us from our fellow man. Rather than trying to improve our society or our nation we are spend more time aruging with or neighbors who are of a different ethic background. Racism divides us instead of bringing us closer together. We then create cities seperated by race, and prefer to stay in our own city with fellow people of our race.The country becomes further divided, one group of people on one side and another group of people on the otherside. Prejudice is a irrational dislike of somebody:  an unfounded hatred, fear, or mistrust of a person or group, especially one of a particular religion, ethnicity, nationality, sexual preference, or social status. People had a preconceived notion about African American people which had a negative affect the girls of that culture. The African American girl experienced prejudice based on the fact of her being a person of color, not because of her actions.The theme in the poem â€Å"What it’s like to be a black girl†, is that of confusion, uncertainty, and sadness. The theme of â€Å"Child of the America’s is that of hope, loving your self for who you are.. The poem â€Å"Child of the America’s† did not display any racism or prejudice even though that is not the case for an minority girl in the middle nineteen hundreds in which I experience. The Hispanc girl was just the opposite, there were no boundaries place on her because of her skin color and what ever she dream she wanted to become she could of without prejudice.Her family taught he r to be proud of her Hispanic heritage, to be very prideful of the fact that she is bi-lingual and from the island of Puerto Rico. I was raise to very proud of where I am from and do not forget my family heritage. According to Morales this girl is proud of her Hispanic background and her religious affiliation (1 – 6) I am a child of The Americas, a light-skinned mestiza of the Caribbean, a child of many diaspora, born into this continent at a crossroads. I am a U. S.Puerto Rican Jew, a product of the ghettos of New York I have never known (p. 278). The girl in the poem â€Å"Child of the America’s† proudly explain that Spanish is in her flesh as Morales (1986) states that In recognition of the Spanish influence and in credit of the land that used to be part of the America from which people of Spanish and American descent have intermingled and shared their culture. Spanish influences such as religion, tradition, and food are treasured by Latin Americans who are v ery proud of their heritage. They are Americans (n. p. Morales also indicated that the girl was proud of the other countries she was a part of to include Africa, Europe. We all know that soon that will be a minority of people from America because of it is a melting pot and their will be no typical American because Americans came from a melting pot of culture. Their multiple cultural heritage, tradition, and influences and there are a combination of people to form the American culture. The African American girl seem to be unaware of the changes her body was going through, perhaps because of her situation she was into.In the poem, â€Å"What’s it like to be a Black Girl†, Smith (8) talks about the things that are happening with the girl’s body, as she is developing. â€Å"It’s finding a space between your legs, a disturbance at your chest, and not knowing what to do with the whistles (p. 283). The Puerto Rican girl was very aware of her body and proud to s how it off and with the African American girl it was the total opposite perhaps because of the way she was treated and not allow to grow up without restriction place on her through racism and prejudice.One might wonder how will that affect her mindset as she get older, if I am mentally free in my mind to do what I want to do, my whole outlook on life will be different. The poem â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl† Smith says,† the girl is getting bigger and taller and want to wear white clothing to supplement how she is feeling and while wearing white clothing everyone will accept her. The white clothing represent the good things in her life and black represent everything that is bad in her life.The African American girl, now a women and married at the end of the poem, her life appeared headed for trouble because of the upbringing she had. There seem to to be know one lift up the girl when she was going through the trouble time of her young life and all the o bstacles that was in her way. The disparity between the two girls is very obvious in the way they saw themselves. It was very sad that the African American girl did not have a good role model to tell her that black is beautiful and be happy with who you are. It would of been nice for her to have a big sister she could of looks up.The poem never really identified a support person she could count on even though we know there was someone there for her. Living in the 1950‘s was already rough for all minorities, especially before the Civil Rights Movement. The girl in â€Å"Child of the America’s†, seem to always have a great support net around her at times and you could see it in her attitude and the way she carried herself. The question I will continue to ask myself is who or what is responsible for the way minority girls viewed themselves? One girls seem to have a good support group around her and the other one did not.What cause the struggles of an African America n girl an a girl who is from the territorial of the USA so differently? The racism and prejudice minority had a major affect on how African American and Hispanic girls viewed themselves. The big question is who or what affected the girls the most in their growth from a young girl to a young woman. References: Clugston, R. W. (2010) Journey into Literature. Bridgeport Education: San Diego, CA. http://www. 123helpme. com/view. asp? id=122370 http://mybestessays. com/what-its-like-to-be-a-black/ http://leecustodio. hubpages. om/hub/Child-of-the-Americas-An-analysis-on-a-Poem Difference Between Ethnicity and Race http://www. differencebetween. net/science/nature/difference-between-ethnicity-and-race/ Racism and Mental Health Bhui, K. , (2002) Racism and Mental Health. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Denton, N. A. , & Villarrubia, J. (2007). Residential segregation on the island: the role of race and class in puerto rican neighborhoods. Sociological Forum, 22(1), 51-76 Myer s, L. (2000) Broken Silence: Voices of African American Women in the Academy: Westport, CT: Greenwood PressStyle in poetry involves the method which a poet uses to convey meaning, tone, and emotion in his/her poem. Content, now, gets a little more tricky. Content is idea-based and means: What the artist meant to portray, what the artist actually did portray and how we react, as individuals, to both the intended and actual messages. Additionally, content includes ways in which a work was influenced–by religion, or politics, or society in general, or even the artist's use of hallucinogenic substances–at the time it was created.All of these factors, together, make up the content side of art. Form means: The elements of art, the principles of design and the actual, physical materials that the artist has used. Form, in this context, is concrete and fairly easily described–no matter which piece of art is under scrutiny. What type of prejudices did minority girls went through in the mid nineteen hundreds. Who or what is responsible for the way minority girls viewed themselves? How was the struggles of an African American girl an a girl who is from the territorial of the USA so differently?The racism and prejudice minority had a major affect on how African American and Hispanic girls viewed themselves. The big question is who or what affected the girls the most in their growth from a young girl to a young woman. pointed out or The young African American girl felt as though she had to dye her hair blonde and wear contacts to be excepted by the society of that time. She is growing up trying to live a life as someone else what her to look without truly knowing herself and her heritage.

Attaching Pronouns to Verbs

Attaching Pronouns to Verbs Spanish pronouns and verbs are usually written as separate words when adjacent. But there are three instances where object pronouns can or must be attached to the verbs they accompany, making the written form of verbpronoun appear as a single word. Reasons To Attach Pronouns Here are some examples of verbs and pronouns being combined, with the pronouns shown in boldface: Quiero comprarlo. (I want to buy it. Comprar and lo are listed as separate words in dictionaries.) ¡Olvà ­dalo! (Forget it! Olvida and lo are usually separate words.)Seguirn comprndolo aà ±o tras aà ±o. (They will keep on buying it year after year.) ¡Bà ©same ahora! (Kiss me now!)Me lo llevo a casa para estudiarlo. (I am taking it home to study it.)No puedo verla. (I cant see it.) As you might be able to infer from these examples, the three types of verb forms that object pronouns can be attached to are these: Infinitives (the form of the verb that ends in -ar, -er or -ir).Gerunds (the form of the verb that ends in -ando or -endo).Affirmative commands (but not negative ones). In all cases, the pronunciation of the verb with the pronoun attached is the same as if they were separate words. But in writing, an accent is sometimes required, as in some of the above examples, with gerunds and affirmative commands, to make certain that the accent remains on the correct syllable. It also is possible to attach two object pronouns to a single verb: Puedes decà ­rmelo. (You can say it to me.) In such cases, the accent is always necessary. Pronouns Attached to Infinitives When an infinitive is used with another verb, the pronoun or pronouns can be attached to the infinitive but dont have to be. In such cases, the pronoun or pronouns can come before or after the verbinfinitive. In the following examples, either form is acceptable: Lo quiero comprar. Quiero comprarlo. (I want to buy it.)Me hizo leerlo. Me lo hizo leer. (She made me read it.)Espero verte. Te espero ver. (I hope to see you)Las voy a estudiar. Voy a estudiarlas. (I am going to study them.)Lo tengo que comer. Tengo que comerlo. (I have to eat it.)No lo puedo comprender. No puedo comprenderlo. (I cant understand it.)Lo detesto saber. Detesto saberlo. (I hate knowing it.) Note how these forms dont require a written accent. The stress of an infinitive is always on the last syllable, and all the personal pronouns end in a vowel or s, putting the stress on the next-to-last syllable anyway. When an infinitive is used as a noun- such as when it follows a preposition or is used as the subject of a sentence- attachment of the pronoun is required: Conocerte es amarte. (To know you is to love you.)Una manera muy simple de comprenderlo es observarlo. (A very simple way of understanding it is to observe it.)Pulsa sobre la fotografà ­a para verme con mi nueva familia. (Click on the photograph to see me with my new family.)Mi mayor miedo es conocerme a mà ­ mismo. (My biggest fear is knowing my very self.)No hay razà ³n para ofenderos. (There is no reason for offending you.) Pronouns Attached to Gerunds The rules for gerunds are similar to those for infinitives. When a gerund is used preceded by another verb, the pronoun can be placed before the other verb but not between the other verb and the gerund. When a gerund stands by itself, the pronoun typically is attached. Some examples: La estoy buscando. Estoy buscndola. (I am looking for it.)Seguirà © estudindolo. Lo seguirà © estudiando. (I will keep on studying it.)Leyà ©ndolo, tendrs à ©xito. (By reading it youll be successful.)Nos estn dominando. Estn dominndonos. (They are dominating us.) Note the use of written accents with the gerund. Pronouns Attached to Affirmative Commands Object pronouns typically are placed attached to affirmative commands (a command in which someone is told to do something), but before negative commands (a command in which an adverb of negation, usually no, is used). Some examples:  ¡Cà ³melo! (Eat it!) ¡No lo comas! (Dont eat it!)Mà ­renme. (Look at me.)No me miren. (Dont look at me.)Està ºdiala. (Study it.)No la estudie. (Dont study it.)

A Profile of King Edward III of England

A Profile of King Edward III of England Edward III, King of England and Lord of Ireland, ruled from 1327 until his death in 1377. Crowned at age fourteen, he assumed his personal rule three years later and earned early fame for his defeat of the Scots at Halidon Hill in 1333. Edward claimed the crown of France in 1337 effectively starting the Hundred Years War. During the conflicts early campaigns, he led English forces to victory at Sluys and Crà ©cy, while his son, Edward the Black Prince, earned a triumph at Poitiers. These successes allowed Edward to conclude the favorable Treaty of Brà ©tigny in 1360. His reign was also marked by the arrival of the Black Death (bubonic plague) in England and the evolution of Parliament. Early Life Edward III was born at Windsor on November 13, 1312 and was the grandson of the great warrior Edward I. The son of ineffective Edward II and his wife Isabella, the young prince was quickly made Earl of Chester to aid in shoring up his fathers weak position on the throne. On January 20, 1327, Edward II was deposed by Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer and replaced by the fourteen-year old Edward III on February 1. Installing themselves as regents for the young king, Isabella and Mortimer effectively controlled England. During this time, Edward was routinely disrespected and treated poorly by Mortimer. Ascending to the Throne A year later, on January 24, 1328, Edward married Philippa of Hainault at York Minister. A close couple, she bore him fourteen children during their forty-one year marriage. The first of these, Edward the Black Prince was born on June 15, 1330. As Edward matured, Mortimer worked to abuse his post through the acquisition of titles and estates. Determined to assert his power, Edward had Mortimer and his mother seized at Nottingham Castle on October 19, 1330. Condemning Mortimer to death for assuming royal authority, he exiled his mother to Castle Rising in Norfolk. Looking North In 1333, Edward elected to renew the military conflict with Scotland and repudiated the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton which had been concluded during his regency. Backing the claim of the claim of Edward Balliol to the Scottish throne, Edward advanced north with an army and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Halidon Hill on July 19. Asserting control over the southern counties of Scotland, Edward departed and left the conflict in the hands of his nobles. Over the next few years, their control slowly eroded as the forces of young Scottish King David II reclaimed the lost territory. Fast Facts: Edward III Nation: EnglandBorn: November 13, 1312 at Windsor CastleCoronation: February 1, 1327Died: June 21, 1377 at Sheen Palace, RichmondPredecessor: Edward II Successor: Richard IISpouse: Philippa of HainaultIssue: Edward the Black Prince, Isabella, Joan, Lionel, John of Gaunt, Edmund, Mary, Margaret, ThomasConflicts: Hundred Years WarKnown For: Battle of Halidon Hill, Battle of Sluys, Battle of Crà ©cy The Hundred Years War While war festered in the north, Edward was increasingly angered by the actions of France who supported the Scots and had been raiding the English coast. While the people of England began to fear a French invasion, the King of France, Philip VI, captured some of Edwards French lands including the duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu. Rather than pay homage to Philip, Edward elected to assert his claim to the French crown as the only living male descendent of his deceased maternal grandfather, Philip IV. Invoking Salic law which banned succession along female lines, the French flatly rejected Edwards claim. Going to war with France in 1337, Edward initially limited his efforts to alliance building with various European princes and encouraging them to attack France. Key among these relationships was a friendship with the Holy Roman Emperor, Louis IV. While these efforts produced few results on the battlefield, Edward did win a critical naval victory at the Battle of Sluys on June 24, 1340. The triumph effectively gave England command of the Channel for much of the ensuing conflict. While Edward endeavored with his military operations, severe fiscal pressure began to mount on the government. Returning home in late 1340, he found the affairs of the realm in disarray and began a purge of the governments administrators. At Parliament the next year, Edward was compelled to accept financial limitations on his actions. Recognizing the need to placate Parliament, he agreed to their terms, however quickly began to override them later that year. After a few years of inconclusive fighting, Edward embarked for Normandy in 1346 with a large invasion force. Sacking Caen, they moved across northern France and inflicted a decisive defeat on Philip at the Battle of Crà ©cy. Edward III counting the dead at Crecy. Public Domain In the fighting, the superiority of the English longbow was demonstrated as Edwards archers cut down the flower of the French nobility. At the battle, Philip lost around 13,000-14,000 men, while Edward suffered only 100-300. Among those who proved themselves at Crà ©cy was the Black Prince who became one of his fathers most trusted field commanders. Moving north, Edwards successfully concluded the siege of Calais in August 1347. Recognized as a powerful leader, Edward was approached that November to run for Holy Roman Emperor following the death of Louis. Though he considered the request, he ultimately declined. The Black Death In 1348, the Black Death (bubonic plague) struck England killing nearly a third of the nations population. Halting military campaigning, the plague led to manpower shortages and dramatic inflation in labor costs. In an attempt to halt this, Edward and Parliament passed the Ordinance of Labourers (1349) and the Statute of Labourers (1351) to fix wages at pre-plague levels and restrict the movement of the peasantry. As England emerged from the plague, fighting resumed. On September 19, 1356, the Black Prince won a dramatic victory at the Battle Poitiers and captured King John II of France. King Edward III grants Aquitaine to his son Edward, the Black Prince. Public Domain Peace With France effectively operating without a central government, Edward sought to end the conflict with campaigns in 1359. These proved ineffective and the following year, Edward concluded the Treaty of Bretigny. By the terms of the treaty, Edward renounced his claim on the French throne in exchange for full sovereignty over his captured lands in France. Preferring the action of military campaigning to doldrums of daily governance, Edwards final years on the throne were marked by a lack of vigor as he passed much of the routine of government to his ministers. While England remained at peace with France, the seeds for renewing the conflict were sown when John II died in captivity in 1364. Ascending the throne, the new king, Charles V, worked to rebuild French forces and began open warfare in 1369. At age fifty-seven, Edward elected to dispatch one of his younger sons, John of Gaunt, to deal with the threat. In the ensuing fighting, Johns efforts proved largely ineffective. Concluding the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, English possessions in France were reduced to Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. Later Reign This period was also marked by the death of Queen Philippa who succumbed to a dropsy-like illness at Windsor Castle on August 15, 1369. In the final months of her life, Edward began a controversial affair with Alice Perrers. Military defeats on the Continent and the financial costs of campaigning came to a head in 1376 when Parliament was convened to approve additional taxation. With both Edward and the Black Prince battling illness, John of Gaunt was effectively overseeing the government. Dubbed the Good Parliament, the House of Commons used the opportunity to express a long list of grievances which led to the removal of several of Edwards advisors. In addition, Alice Perrers was banished from court as it was believed she wielded too much influence over the aged king. The royal situation was further weakened in June when the Black Prince died. While Gaunt was compelled to give into Parliaments demands, his fathers condition worsened. In September 1376, he developed a large abscess. Though he briefly improved during the winter of 1377, Edward III finally died of a stroke on June 21, 1377. As the Black Prince had died, the throne passed to Edwards grandson, Richard II, who was only ten. Renowned as one of Englands great warrior kings, Edward III was buried at Westminster Abbey. Beloved by his people, Edward is also credited for founding the knightly Order of the Garter in 1348. A contemporary of Edwards, Jean Froissart, wrote that His like had not been seen since the days of King Arthur.

Adult Learning Assumptions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adult Learning Assumptions - Research Paper Example Adult learning assumption Learning process is progressive and can occur at any stage of life. Some people may engage in learning from their early stages and pass through the formal education system while others may recognize or access learning opportunities at their later stages of life. While the formal education may not be appropriate for the latter category, an informal adult education exists. Studies have been undertaken on adult education with Knowles’ approach towards assumptions of adult education as an example and this paper argues that three of the Knowles’ assumptions: self-concept, experience, and motivation to learn, are the most right. The self-concept assumption is one of the Knowles’ six assumptions and offers significant impacts on adult education. Knowles argued that as adults’ self-concept is that of a â€Å"self directing human being† (Henry, 2009, p. 127). He argued for a transition from a dependent self-concept to one in which a n adult is an independent personality and an active player in the learning process as opposed to a young learner who assumes a passive role and depends on the lecturer or tutor for learning. Significance of this assumption is derived from the author’s opinion that established it as the most important the understanding adult learning. Cognitive development processes that transcend a person’s life from birth to adulthood also support the assumption’s importance. ... Teachers’ experience in adult education also support significance of the self-concept assumption through their experience that promoting self-concept helps in facilitating adult learning. The role of diversity on performance, including performance in learning, also supports significance of self-concept because recognizing adult learners’ perception towards learning and empowering each learner based on developed self-concept achieves success in each learner. Validity and significance of the self-concept assumption explains why it is right (Wilson and Hayes, 2009). â€Å"The role of the learner’s experience† is another right assumption that Knowles made on adult learning (Baskas, 2013, p. 49). According to Knowles, people acquire varying experiences with age and this means that adults have more experiences that young learners have. Further, the limited scope of young learners’ experiences limits diversity as compared to experiences among adult learner s and the difference in experiences influences adult learning. One of the effects of experience that establishes its significance to adult learning is the realized need for specific knowledge among adults. Their interaction with real life phenomena such as in work environments identifies specific needs that motivates the adults into learning and the facilitator’s identification of the needs and capitalization on empowerment based on the needs forms a basis for further motivating adults in learning processes. Extensive experience that adults bring into learning also empowers them to contribute to learning processes and supports the assumption’s significance to learning processes of groups of adults because allowing the learners to be active